Rational use of mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to pediatric and congenital heart transplantation

Abstract Introduction: Donor shortage and organ allocation is the main problem in pediatric heart transplant. Mechanical circulatory support is known to increase waiting list survival, but it is not routinely used in pediatric programs in Latin America. Methods: All patients listed for heart transplant and supported by a mechanical circulatory support between January 2012 and March 2016 were included in this retrospective single-center study. The endpoints were mechanical circulatory support time, complications, heart transplant survival and discharge from the hospital. Results: Twenty-nine patients from our waiting list were assessed. Twelve (45%) patients were initially supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and a centrifugal pump was implanted in 17 (55%) patients. Five patients initially supported by ECMO were bridged to another device. One was bridged to a centrifugal pump and four were bridged to Berlin Heart Excor®. Among the 29 supported patients, 18 (62%) managed to have a heart transplant. Thirty-day survival period after heart transplant was 56% (10 patients). Median support duration was 12 days (interquartile range [IQR] 4 - 26 days) per run and the waiting time for heart transplant was 9.5 days (IQR 2.5-25 days). Acute kidney injury was identified as a mortality predictor (OR=22.6 [CI=1.04-494.6]; P=0.04). Conclusion: Mechanical circulatory support was able to bridge most INTERMACS 1 and 2 pediatric patients to transplant with an acceptable complication rate. Acute renal failure increased mortality after mechanical circulatory support in our experience.

The evaluation of nosocomial infections in pediatric patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support

Abstract Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become a standard technique over the past few decades in intensive care unit (ICU). Objective: A review of pediatric patients who received ECMO support in the pediatric cardiac ICU was conducted to determine the incidence, risk factors and causal organisms related to acquired infections and assess the survival rates of ECMO patients with nosocomial infections. Methods: Sixty-six patients who received ECMO support in the pediatric cardiac ICU between January 2011 and June 2014 were included in the study. Demographic, echocardiographic, hemodynamic features and surgical procedures were reviewed. Results: Sixty-six patients received a total of 292.5 days of venoarterial ECMO support. Sixty were postoperative patients. Forty-five patients were weaned from ECMO support with an ECMO survival rate of 68.2%. The rate of infection was 116.2/1000 ECMO days. Prolonged ICU stay, duration of ventilation and ECMO were found associated with development of nosocomial infection and only the duration of ECMO was an independent risk factor for nosocomial infections in ECMO patients. Conclusion: The correction of the underlying process leading to ECMO support and shortening the length of ECMO duration together with stricter application of ECMO indications would improve the infection incidence and hospital surveillance of the patient group.

Desfechos clínicos de pacientes pediátricos tratados com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea / Clinical outcomes of pediatric patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Resumo Objetivo Identificar os fatores relacionados à mortalidade e avaliar a sobrevida de pacientes pediátricos tratados com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Métodos Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, que incluiu pacientes pediátricos que utilizaram o dispositivo nos últimos cinco anos. Os grupos foram divididos com base naqueles que sobreviveram ou não após a terapia. Para avaliar os fatores preditivos de morte, foi utilizada análise multivariada com regressão logística e, para a sobrevida, o método de Kaplan-Meier e Log-Rank. Resultados A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo era maior no grupo de sobreviventes (74%+14,6% vs 56,2% + 22%, p=0,038) e o número de pacientes que necessitaram de diálise foi maior no grupo de não sobreviventes (52,4% vs. 12,5%, p=0,039), sendo a sobrevida significativamente menor neste grupo (log-rank=0,020). Conclusão Disfunção ventricular prévia, evidenciada pela fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo <55%, e necessidade de terapia de substituição renal concomitante aumentaram o risco de morte.

Abstract Objective To identify factors related to mortality, and evaluate the survival of pediatric patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Methods A retrospective cohort study that included pediatric patients using the device in the last five years. The groups were divided into those who survived after therapy, and those who did not. Multivariate logistic regression was used for assessing the predictive factors of death, and the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank for assessing survival. Results Left ventricular ejection fraction was higher in the group of survivors (74% + 14.6% vs 56.2% + 22%, p = 0.038), and the number of patients who required dialysis was higher in the group of non-survivors (52.4% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.039), showing significantly lower survival in this group (log-rank = 0.020). Conclusion Previous ventricular dysfunction, evidenced by a left ventricular ejection fraction <55%, and requirement of concomitant renal replacement therapy, increased the risk of death.

Post-cardiotomy ECMO in pediatric and congenital heart surgery: impact of team training and equipment in the results / ECMO pós-cardiotomia em cirurgia cardíaca pediátrica e congênita: impacto do treinamento da equipe e equipamentos nos resultados

AbstractIntroduction:Post-cardiotomy myocardial dysfunction requiring mechanical circulatory support occurs in about 0.5% of cases. In our environment, the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been increasing in recent years.Objective:To evaluate the impact of investment in professional training and improvement of equipment in the rate of weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and survival.Methods:A retrospective study. Fifty-six pediatric and/or congenital heart patients underwent post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at our institution between November 1999 and July 2014. We divided this period into two phases: phase I, 36 cases (before the structuring of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation program) and phase II, 20 cases (after the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation program implementation) with investment in training and equipment). Were considered as primary outcomes: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation weaning and survival to hospital discharge. The results in both phases were compared using Chi-square test. To identify the impact of the different variables we used binary logistic regression analysis.Results:Groups were comparable. In phase I, 9 patients (25%) were weaned from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, but only 2 (5.5%) were discharged. In phase II, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used in 20 patients, weaning was possible in 17 (85%), with 9 (45%) hospital discharges (P<0.01). When the impact of several variables on discharge and weaning of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was analyzed, we observe that phase II was an independent predictor of better results (P<0.001) and need for left cavities drainage was associated with worse survival (P=0.045).Conclusion:The investment in professional training and improvement of equipment significantly increased extracorporeal membrane oxygenation results.

ResumoIntrodução:Falência ventricular pós-cardiotomia necessitando de suporte circulatório mecânico ocorre em cerca de 0,5% dos casos. Em nosso meio, o uso de ECMO tem aumentado nos últimos anos.Objetivo:Avaliar o impacto do investimento na formação profissional e melhoria dos equipamentos na taxa de desmame de ECMO e na sobrevida.Métodos:Estudo retrospectivo. Cinquenta e seis pacientes cardíacos pediátricos e/ou portadores de cardiopatias congênitas foram submetidos ao implante de ECMO pós-cardiotomia em nossa instituição entre novembro de 1999 e julho de 2014. Nós dividimos este período em duas fases: fase I, 36 casos (antes da estruturação do programa de ECMO) e fase II, 20 casos (após a instalação do programa ECMO com investimento em formação e equipamento). Foram considerados como desfechos primários: o desmame de ECMO e sobrevida até a alta hospitalar. Os resultados em ambas as fases foram comparados pelo teste Chi-quadrado. Para identificar o impacto das diferentes variáveis, ​ foi usada análise de regressão logística binária.Resultados:Na fase I, 9 pacientes (25%) foram desmamados da ECMO, mas apenas 2 (5,5%) tiveram alta. Na fase II, ECMO foi usado em 20 pacientes, o desmame foi possível em 17 deles (85%), com 9 (45%) altas hospitalares. Quando analisamos o impacto das diversas variáveis ​​sobre a sobrevida e desmame de ECMO, observa-se que a fase II foi um preditor independente de melhores resultados (P<0,001) e a necessidade de drenagem das cavidades esquerdas foi associada com pior sobrevida (P=0,045).Conclusão:O investimento na formação profissional e aperfeiçoamento de equipamentos melhorou significativamente os resultados de ECMO em nossa instituição.

Extracorporeal life support for acute respiratory distress syndrome

The morbidity and mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome remain to be high. Over the last 50 years, the clinical management of these patients has undergone vast changes. Significant improvement in the care of these patients involves the development of mechanical ventilation strategies, but the benefits of these strategies remain controversial. With a growing trend of extracorporeal support for critically ill patients, we provide a historical review of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO] including its failures and successes as well as discussing extracorporeal devices now available or nearly accessible while examining current clinical indications and trends of ECMO in respiratory failure

First-year experience of a Brazilian tertiary medical center in supporting severely ill patients using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this manuscript is to describe the first year of our experience using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. METHODS: Ten patients with severe refractory hypoxemia, two with associated severe cardiovascular failure, were supported using venous-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (eight patients) or veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (two patients). RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 31 yr (range 14-71 yr). Their median simplified acute physiological score three (SAPS3) was 94 (range 84-118), and they had a median expected mortality of 95% (range 87-99%). Community-acquired pneumonia was the most common diagnosis (50%), followed by P. jiroveci pneumonia in two patients with AIDS (20%). Six patients were transferred from other ICUs during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, three of whom were transferred between ICUs within the hospital (30%), two by ambulance (20%) and one by helicopter (10%). Only one patient (10%) was anticoagulated with heparin throughout extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Eighty percent of patients required continuous venous-venous hemofiltration. Three patients (30%) developed persistent hypoxemia, which was corrected using higher positive end-expiratory pressure, higher inspired oxygen fractions, recruitment maneuvers, and nitric oxide. The median time on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was five (range 3-32) days. The median length of the hospital stay was 31 (range 3-97) days. Four patients (40%) survived to 60 days, and they were free from renal replacement therapy and oxygen support. CONCLUSIONS: The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in severely ill patients is possible in the presence of a structured team. Efforts must be made to recognize the necessity of extracorporeal respiratory support at an early stage and to prompt activation of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation team.

Assistência circulatória com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) no adulto: um conceito falido ou esquecido? / Adult extracorporeal life support: a failed or forgotten concept?

FUNDAMENTO: A oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) em recém-nascidos e crianças tem resultados excelentes. A experiência em adultos é mais modesta e os resultados imediatos são inferiores. Entretanto, a sobrevida em cinco anos de pacientes que sobrevivem a esse método é bastante promissora. Não há relato na literatura brasileira de experiências com esse sistema nesse contexto. OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência com o uso da oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea no adulto que se apresenta em choque cardiogênico agudo e refratário. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de prontuários médicos de pacientes submetidos a implante do sistema de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea para a assistência circulatória no choque cardiogênico agudo e refratário. RESULTADOS: Onze pacientes (63,5 anos; 45,5 por cento homens) foram considerados para análise no período de 2005 a 2007. O tempo médio de suporte circulatório foi de 77 horas (10-240h) e cinco pacientes estavam vivos em 30 dias (45,5 por cento). Dois pacientes foram subseqüentemente submetidos a implante de assistência circulatória prolongada após um período de ressuscitação em ECMO, um dos quais foi submetido ao transplante cardíaco. As causas de morte durante a assistência com ECMO (seis pacientes) incluíram falência multiorgânica (66,6 por cento) ou sangramento refratário (33,4 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: O sistema ECMO é uma opção de assistência circulatória temporária para pacientes adultos com falência cardíaca aguda refratária, podendo ser utilizado como ponte para a recuperação ou com o intuito de selecionar candidatos à assistência circulatória prolongada (ponte para a ponte).

BACKGROUND: The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used in the neonatal and childhood periods with excellent results. The adult experience has been modest with inferior immediate results. The intermediate survival, however, has been promising. We have been using the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for temporary mechanical circulatory support of adults that present with acute refractory cardiogenic shock in our institution. There is no other published experience of the use of this system in this scenario in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience with the use of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for circulatory support in adults. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the medical files of patients submitted to the implant of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation system for circulatory assistance in acute and refractory cardiogenic shock. RESULTS: Eleven patients (63,5yo; 45,5 percentmale) were considered for analysis from 2005 to 2007. Median support time was 77 hours (10-240h) and 5 patients have survived 30 days (45,5 percent). Two patients were subsequently submitted to prolonged paracorporeal circulatory assistance. Mortality on ECMO (6 patients) was due to multiple organ failure (66,6 percent) and refractory bleeding (33,4 percent). CONCLUSION: ECMO system is an option to be used in acute refractory cardiogenic shock as a bridge to recovery or selecting patients that might benefit from prolonged paracorporeal assist devices (bridge to bridge).

Emprego do suporte cardiopulmonar com bomba centrífuga e oxigenador de membrana em cirurgia cardiovascular pediátrica / Use of centrifugal pump and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as cardiopulmonary support in pediatric cardiovascular surgery

FUNDAMENTO: O suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana é um método de ressuscitação de distúrbios hemodinâmicos, pulmonares ou ambos, consagrado em centros internacionais. OBJETIVOS: Descrever diversos aspectos relacionados ao suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana em um serviço de cirurgia cardiovascular nacional e determinar seus resultados imediatos e tardios. MÉTODOS: Entre outubro de 2005 e janeiro de 2007, 10 pacientes foram submetidos a suporte circulatório e/ou respiratório em candidatos ou submetidos a cirurgia cardiovascular pediátrica, com idade mediana de 58,5 dias (40 por cento de neonatos) e peso mediano de 3,9 kg. O suporte foi mantido com a intenção de recuperação e desmame, de acordo com critérios clínicos e ecocardiográficos diários. O suporte foi descontinuado nos pacientes sem indicação de transplante, com incapacidade de recuperação e com sobrevida limitada, de acordo com julgamento multidisciplinar. RESULTADOS: O suporte circulatório foi utilizado no pós-operatório de operações corretivas ou paliativas em 80 por cento e no pré-operatório no restante. Instabilidade hemodinâmica grave irresponsiva (40 por cento), falência miocárdica na saída de circulação extracorpórea (20 por cento) e parada cardíaca no pós-operatório (20 por cento) foram as indicações mais freqüentes. O tempo médio de permanência em suporte circulatório foi de 58 ± 37 horas. O suporte foi retirado com sucesso em 50 por cento e 30 por cento obtiveram alta hospitalar. A sobrevida atuarial foi de 40 por cento, 30 por cento e 20 por cento aos 30 dias, 3 meses e 24 meses, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana foi um método eficaz e útil na ressuscitação de distúrbios cardiovasculares e pulmonares graves no perioperatório de cirurgia cardiovascular pediátrica.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a well-documented resuscitation method in patients with severe hemodynamic and/or respiratory impairment. OBJECTIVE: To describe several aspects related to the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a pediatric heart center and determine its immediate and late outcomes. METHODS: Between October 2005 and January 2007, 10 patients who were submitted to pediatric cardiac surgery underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation implant. Median age was 58.5 days (40 percent neonates) and median body weight was 3.9 kg. Circulatory assistance was initiated aiming at the recovery and the weaning protocols followed daily clinical and echocardiographic criteria. Support was discontinued when transplant was contraindicated, when the patient was unable to recover or when survival was considered to be limited by a multidisciplinary team. RESULTS: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was employed after corrective or palliative heart surgery in 80 percent and preoperatively in the remaining ones. It was most often indicated for irresponsive hemodynamic instability (40 percent), post-cardiotomy shock (20 percent) and post-cardiac arrest (20 percent). The mean duration on support was 58 ± 37 hours. Weaning was successfully in 50 percent of the cases and 30 percent were discharged home. Actuarial survival was 40 percent, 30 percent and 20 percent at 30 days, 3 months and 24 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an effective and useful tool for the resuscitation of patients presenting severe hemodynamic and/or respiratory failure in the perioperative period of pediatric cardiovascular surgery.